Background

Hydrogen fuel is a clean energy carrier which has the potential to play a crucial role in global decarbonisation. However, the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen makes it expensive to store and transport, inhibiting its use as an economically viable energy vector.

The use of ammonia (NH3) as a hydrogen carrier provides a promising solution to achieve effective energy storage and transportation. Ammonia has a high volumetric hydrogen density and has been produced in very large quantities for use as fertiliser for over 75 years, meaning that significant storage and transportation infrastructure already exists. Ammonia can be decomposed into a mixture of nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) which can then be used as fuel using a method known