Background

Monoclonal antibodies are the primary treatment option for targeted cancer therapies, yet they pose significant limitations within the clinic. Current antibodies target surface markers that are present on both cancer and healthy cells triggering off-target effects following administration. Consequently, almost all monoclonal antibodies cause adverse reactions ranging from minor to severe (grade 3 or higher) responses and at times, treatment-induced deaths. By contrast, cancer cells possess unique markers in the form of mutated proteins that are located intracellularly and are absent within healthy cells. The fragments of these proteins are present on the cancer cells’ surface as peptides that are displayed on their major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHCI) molecules. For antibody therapies the capacity to target these peptide MHCI