Background

The rising prevalence of diseases such as autoimmune disorders, cancers, and increased incidences of zoonotic diseases has increased the demand for improved vaccine immunizations. Incorporating an adjuvant into a vaccine formulation can result in a robust and long-lasting immune response. Newer adjuvants have been developed to target specific components of the body’s immune response so that protection against disease is stronger and lasts longer. Although the body’s innate immunity is a specific immune response component that acts as the body’s first line of immune defense, adjuvants that target the innate immune pathway have been under-developed.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins whose primary function is to activate innate immune responses while facilitating adaptive immune responses. Of the