Background

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide; it affects about 12% of females in the United States. The global breast cancer therapeutics market is set to increase in value from $10.4 billion in 2014 to $17.2 billion by 2021. About 15 to 20 percent of breast cancers are triple-negative (TNBC), which means the breast cancer cells tested negative for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors (PR-), and HER2 (HER2-). Women with TNBC who do not achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR; residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy) have an increased risk of recurrence, decreased overall survival, and post-recurrence survival as compared to women with non-TNBC who do not achieve a pCR. Immunotherapy could be an attractive strategy