Background

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death, with 1 in 10 men diagnosed in their lifetime and 1 in 41 dying from the disease. Globally, there are 1.3 million new cases of prostate cancer every year and 360,000 associated deaths. Up to 50% of patients will eventually become refractory to androgen deprivation therapy and progress to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and its metastatic form (mCRPC), eventually succumbing to the disease or dying from complications. While recent advances in treating CRPC and mCRPC have provided improvements in patient outcomes, none provide long-term remission of the disease. Contemporary immuno-oncology is shifting towards leveraging immunostimulants to reap the benefits of innate and adaptive immune responses.