Background

Vaccines have shown great efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen of COVID-19; however, methods of treatment are required for patients suffering from COVID‑19.

More than 15 million cases with over 600,000 deaths have resulted from the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen of COVID-19, is a β-coronavirus that primarily enters through the airways and lungs. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters through the airways and infects the lungs, causing lethal pulmonary damage in vulnerable patients. This virus contains spike proteins on its envelope that binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) expressed on the surface of airway cells, enabling entry of the virus for causing infection. In severe cases, the virus enters the circulatory system, contributing