Background

Catalytic carbon-carbon bond formation based on cross-coupling reactions (CCRs) plays a central role in the production of natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and organic materials. Coupling reactions with organometallic reagents and organic halides facilitate a plethora of bond-forming reactions in modern synthetic chemistry. The problem, however, with all current cross-coupling reactions is that they lead to the formation of the stoichiometric production of waste products. For example, in the Suzuki CCR boronic acid, in the Negishi CCR organozinc waste, in the Stille CCR organotin waste, and Kumada organomagnesium waste are formed.